[ **up: [[Form and function (Biology)]] | [[Anatomy and physiology]]** ] --- # Horns and antlers [[2024-0726. 'Antlers are bony appendages of deer that undergo periodic regeneration from the top of permanent outgrowths (the pedicles) of the frontal bones.'|'Antlers are bony appendages of deer that undergo periodic regeneration from the top of permanent outgrowths (the pedicles) of the frontal bones.'Antlers are bony appendages of deer that undergo periodic regeneration from the top of permanent outgrowths (the pedicles) of the frontal bones.]][^1] [[2024-0726. 'Antlers grow extensionally from the tip like a plant stem.'|'Antlers grow extensionally from the tip like a plant stem.']][^2] [^1]: Tomás Landete-Castillejos, et al., ‘[[Landete-Castillejos, et al. ‘Antlers_ Evolution, Development, Structure, Composition, and Biomechanics of an Outstanding Type of Bone’, 2019.|Antlers - Evolution, Development, Structure, Composition, and Biomechanics of an Outstanding Type of Bone]], *Bone*, 128 (August 2019), p. 115046. [^2]: Samejima Yuusuke and Matsuoka Hiroshige, ‘[[Samejima & Hiroshige. ‘A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia)’, 2020.|A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia)]]’, *Scientific Reports* 10, Article number 8910 (June 2020), p. 2.