# Landete-Castillejos et al, ‘Antlers’, 2019 > [!cite] > Landete-Castillejos, Tomás, Horst Kierdorf, S. Gomez, S. Luna, Andrés José García, J. Cappelli, M. Pérez-Serrano, Javier Pérez-Barbería, Laureano Gallego, and Uwe Kïerdorf. ‘Antlers: Evolution, Development, Structure, Composition, and Biomechanics of an Outstanding Type of Bone’. *Bone*, vol. 128 (November 2019), 115046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.115046. > [!abstract] > Antlers are bony appendages of deer that undergo periodic regeneration from the top of permanent outgrowths (the pedicles) of the frontal bones. Of the “less familiar” bone types whose study was advocated by John Currey to gain a better understanding of structure-function relationships of mineralized tissues and organs, antlers were of special interest to him. The present review summarizes our current knowledge about the evolution, development, structure, mineralization, and biomechanics of antlers and how their formation is affected by environmental factors like nutrition. Furthermore, the potential role of antlers as a model in bone biology and several fields of biomedicine as well as their use as a monitoring tool in environmental studies are discussed. --- ‘Antlers are bony appendages of deer that undergo periodic regeneration from the top of permanent outgrowths (the pedicles) of the frontal bones.’ [[Landete-Castillejos et al, ‘Antlers’, 2019|(Landete-Castillejos et al. 2019, 1)]] ^0c8263 ‘Their growth is triggered in the first year of life by a rise in circulating testosterone levels and can therefore be inhibited by early castration of male deer.’ [[Landete-Castillejos et al, ‘Antlers’, 2019|(Landete-Castillejos et al. 2019, 3)]] ‘Antlers grow at an unprecedented speed for bones. Thus, in wapiti (*Cervus canadensis*) a peak growth rate of 2.75 cm per day has been observed.’ [[Landete-Castillejos et al, ‘Antlers’, 2019|(Landete-Castillejos et al. 2019, 4)]] ‘In summary, deer antlers are unique structures because they are periodically regenerated, they are the fastest growing bones in the animal kingdom, and their growth is coupled to an intense bone remodeling in the skeleton.’ [[Landete-Castillejos et al, ‘Antlers’, 2019|(Landete-Castillejos et al. 2019, 16)]]